Tūmau Kore Mōrearea: Te Mariga o te Pipi PVC-O ki ngā Mea Kounga

He aha ngā tārua PVC-O e whakamātau ana i te whakamātau: Te Whakamātau o te Mātua me ngā Ūpoko o te Tārua

Me pēhea te Whakamātau o te Whakamātau o te Whakamātau o te Whakamātau o te Whakamātau o te Whakamātau

Ko nga putorino PVC-O (Oriented Polyvinyl Chloride) e aukati ana i te waikura na te kaha o te pumau ngota kua tutuki ma te aronga o te rua. I te wā o te hanga, ka totoro te polymer i te wā kotahi i roto i ngā aronga ā-whakatau me te ā-roa aligning amorphous chains and increasing crystalline content by up to 60% compared to standard PVC-U. Ko tēnei kiriāura teitei ka whakaputa i tētahi matatini tino matotoru, he iti ake te ārai e ārai ana i ngā pūkaha waikura pēnei i ngā waikawa, ngā waikura, me ngā waikura i te uru atu ki te pakitara putorino. I te wā kotahi, ka pai ake te hanga aronga, ka whakakore i ngā wāhi ngoikore e tīmata ai te waikura i roto i ngā putorino noa. Ko te hua he rauemi e tino kaha ana te aukati i nga matūhe mea tino nui i roto i te kawe i te wai ururua me te ratonga ahumahi.

Te Whakamana-a-Tino: 15 Tau Kua Horoihia te Raina Whakakuku PVC-O i roto i te Wai Rawa-Rangi (UK Thames Tideway)

Ko te tāpoi o Thames Tideway i London he whakamātautau kaha o te pūmau o PVC-O i te wā roa ki te whakamā. Ko te rāhui wai mātātoko 400mm o PVC-O i whakamahinga i te tau 2009 e whakamāngai ana i ngā wai mātātoko tino whakamā, ā, he wai mātātoko kōpū-kōpū hoki, i raro i ngā āhua tai. I muri i ngā tau e 15, i kitea i ngā whakamātautau ultrasonic he iti ake i te 0.1mm te pakaru o te tuara o te rāhui—kāore i te whakamāhinga i ngā rāhui kōrero me ngā rāhui iro i te tāwhai, ā, he 3mm te pakaru. I te wā i tēnei rāhui e whakamā ana i ngā kōpū-kōpū i te 50mg/L, kua whakakaha i te pūmau o PVC-O ki te whakamā o ngā mīkrohi (MIC) me ngā whakamā o te wai. Ko tēnei whakamātautau he whakakaha i te whakamāmā o tēnei matū o te rāhui i ngā tāpoi e tāwhai ana i ngā rāhui kōrero me ngā rāhui iro.

Te Whakamāmā o ngā Rāhui PVC-O ki ngā kēmikari ūhanga o te ao hāpai: ngā ātā, ngā pāki, me ngā kōpū

Te Whakamāmā Ake i te PVC-U i ngā wai whakamā i te whakamānga (pH 12.3, 40°C)

I ngā rere o te wai whakamātua kia pūmau—e tata ana hoki ki te pH 12.3 i ngā hāngā mātua—ka rere mai ngā kōpae o te PVC-U tātai, ka pānui, me te ngaro tonu o tana kaha o te tāwhai. Heoi anō, ko te PVC-O e mau tonu ana i tana āhua me ōna pūkenga, nā tana ahua kaha ake, te rākau kua whakamārama, e āki ana i te rere o ngā iona hydroxyl. I ngā whakamātau whakamātua (1,000 haora i te pH 12.3 me te 40°C), ka mau tonu te PVC-O i te 95% o tana kaha o te hoop i tēnei wā, i te rā hoki ka ngaro te PVC-U i te 30% i tēnei wā. Ko tēnei whakamātautau kaha he whakamātautau kia roa ake ngā tau o te whakamāhi i ngā rārangi whakamātua i ngā rārangi whakamātua o ngā whenua me ngā rārangi whakamātua o ngā mahi—ka whakamāhinga ai te PVC-O hei whakamāhi mātua mō ngā rārangi whakamātua.

Whakamāhi i ngā rārangi o ASTM D1600 me ISO 15877 hei whakamātautau i te tāwhai o ngā rārangi PVC-O

Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā kōpae mō te whakamāhi i ngā hāpai pūtaiao me whai i ngā rārangi, ngā rongoā āpōpō kua whakamātautaua—kāore he whakaahua, kāore he whakawhitinga. Ko ngā tātai ASTM D1600 me ISO 15877 ngā tātai whakamārama o te whakamāhi o ngā kōpae thermoplastic, e whakarite ana i ngā āhua whakamāhi i ngā rārangi “he iti noa, kāore rānei ngā whāinga,” “he whāinga iti,” pea “he whāinga mātātoa” i runga i ngā whakamātautau i te pakaru o te wāhanga me ngā whakamātautau i te whakamānui i te kaha. He tauira, ko ISO 15877 e whakamārama ana i te PVC-O hei kōpae e taea ana te whakamāhi i te 25% caustic soda i te 30°C—a tātai e whakamārama ana i ngā whakamārama whakamāhi. Ko te whakamātau tuatahi o ēnei rārangi he ara hei whakamāmā i ngā hapa i te wāhi, ā, he whakamāmā anō hoki i te whakamāhi o ngā kōpae PVC-O i runga i ngā whāinga pūtaiao o te ao pūmau.

Ngā Whakaaetanga Hāngā Matua: Ngā Tātai Hāngā me ngā Tātai Kōpae mō ngā Kōpae PVC-O

Te Tātai 60°C + 10% HNO₃: Te Whakamārama i te Whāinga o te Hydrolysis e whakamāngungu ana i te whāinga o te Arrhenius

Ko te PVC-O e mahi ana i tēnei wā i ngā rōpū tāwhai me ngā rōpū kīmihanga, engari i tēnei wā he whakamātautau kia tūpato kia kāore ai ia i tēnei rōpū. Ko tēnei whakamātautau he whakamātautau mātua i te 60°C i tēnei wā i tēnei wā i ngā whakamātautau o te nitric acid i te 10% i tēnei wā. I tēnei wā, ko te hydrolysis e hāngā mai ana i te Arrhenius e whakahaere ana i te whakamātautau o ngā pito o te polymer, ā, e whakamātautau ana i te whakamātautau o te hanga o te PVC-O. Ko ngā tikanga o te whakamātautau e whakamātautau ana i te whakamātautau o ngā whakamātautau, ā, e rua ngā whakamātautau i te whakamātautau o ngā whakamātautau i te 10°C—ā, he whakamātautau kia tūpato kia kāore ai ngā whakamātautau poto. Ahakoa ko ngā whakamātautau o te pressure (pērā i te 20 MPa i te 60°C mō ngā haora 1,000) e whakamātautau ana i te whakamātautau o te tāwhai me te mahinga, kāore he whakamātautau mō ngā whakamātautau o te kīmihanga. Nō reira, me tātari ngā kaiwhakamahi i ngā tātaritanga o ngā kaiwhakamahi i mua i te whakamātautau o te PVC-O mō ngā kīmihanga kaha pērā i te nitric acid.

Ngā kīmihanga kia tāwhai: Ngā ketone, ngā aromatic, me ngā solvent chlorinated e whakamātautau ana i te tāwhai o te PVC-O

Ko te PVC-O e whakamāhinga ana i ngā ácidi anorgāniki, ngā ātārangi, me ngā tāwhai—engari he mātua pūpahi ki ēnei kōhatu ōrite (solvents) o te ao ōrite. Ko ngā ketone (hei tauira, te acetone, te MEK), ngā hydrocarbon aromatic (hei tauira, te toluene, te xylene), me ngā kōhatu ōrite (solvents) chlorinated (hei tauira, te chloroform, te carbon tetrachloride) e whai ana i ngā wāhi amorphous o te polymer, e hāngai ana i te whānanga, te whakamāmā, me te ngaro tonu o te kaha o te whakatau. Ko ēnei āhua he whakamāhinga rawa i ngā wā e whai ana i te pākoki, i te whakamāmā, i te whakamāmā rānei, i reira he whakamāhinga tonu o te tāwhai o te hanga e whai ana i te whakamāhinga tūturu.

Te Whakamāhinga o te Pākoki o te Kōhatu i ngā wāhi e whai ana i te kōhatu o te toluene: Ina he whāinga te ‘Whakamāhinga o te Kōhatu’, he whāinga te horopaki

He whakamārama a te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau i te kōpū o toluene ki te take o te whakamātautau i ngā whakaahua mō te whakamātau i ngā hua o ngā kimi, he mea e tātou te whakamātautau i ngā whakaahua i runga i ngā āhua. Ahakoa i ngā hāngai o te wā, ka whai a toluene ki ngā wāhi kore āhua o te PVC-O, ka pāpā a Tg (te hāngai o te whakamātau) me te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau o te whakamātautau o te whakamātautau (SSC). Ko tēnei pūtake o te whakamātautau o te whakamātautau e whakahaerehia ana e ngā whakamātautau o te whakamātautau o te whakamātautau, me ngā whakamātautau o waho—ka raru i te whakamātautau i ngā whakamātautau iti atu i ngā whakamātautau o te PVC-O i ngā wāhi kore kimi. I whakamātautia mai i ngā whare pūtaiao te whakamātautau o te SSC i ngā whakamātautau iti, i ngā whakamātautau iti o te kōpū. Nō reira, me whakamātautau ngā ingoa o ngā whakamātautau hei tīmatanga—kāore he whakamātautau—me ngā whakamātautau o te wāhi i te whakamātautau o te PVC-O i ngā wāhi e whai ana i ngā kimi, tae atu ki ngā whakamātautau o te kōpū.

FAQ

He aha te mea i whakamātautia ai ngā kōhao o te PVC-O i te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau i te PVC-U?

Ko ngā pīpī PVC-O e whakawātea ana i te whakamārōro i te pai ake i ngā pīpī PVC-U, nā te whakamāhua o tō rātou āhua molekūlar hou i te whakarere ā-pānga e rua, ā, he whakapai ake i te āhua kiriata, ā, he whakakore i ngā kaiwhakamārōro.

I pēhea ngā whakamātau i te ao-rea i whakamātautau i te whai wāhi o ngā pīpī PVC-O?

I whakaatu te tāpoi o Thames Tideway i te whai wāhi o ngā pīpī PVC-O i te wā roa i te whakamārōro, me te iti noa o te pakaru o te papa o te pīpī i te 15 tau i ngā taupua e whāngai ana i te sulfide, ā, i whakamātautau i tōna tautua mō ngā rāhui matua.

He aha ngā rāhui whakamāhi matua mō ngā pīpī PVC-O?

Kāore e taea te whakamāhi i ngā pīpī PVC-O i te 60°C me ngā whānanga o te nitric acid i te 10%, nā ngā āhuatanga nei e whakahaere ana i te pakaru i te ara o te Arrhenius-driven hydrolysis.

He aha ngā kēmikāri e tika kia whakakorea kia mau tonu te āhua o ngā pīpī PVC-O?

Me whakakorea ngā kēmikāri pērā i ngā ketone, ngā hydrocarbon aromatic, me ngā kaiwhakamārōro chlorinated, nā ngā mea nei e whakamāngai ana i te āhua o ngā pīpī PVC-O.